Linear Weighted Moving Average Wiki

GIS Glossar Abkürzung Eine verkürzte Form eines Wortes oder einer Phrase, die das Ganze darstellt. Abkürzungen sind häufig ein Buchstabe oder eine Gruppe von Buchstaben, die von der vollständigen Form des Wortes genommen werden, wie der Gebrauch von Str. Anstelle von Straße. Abkürzungswörterbuch In Maplex für ArcGIS, eine Datei, die ganze Wörter und ihre abgekürzten Formulare enthält, um eine automatische Verkürzung der Etiketten zu ermöglichen. In einem rechtwinkligen Koordinatensystem ist der Abstand der x-Koordinate entlang einer horizontalen Achse von der vertikalen oder y-Achse. Beispielsweise hat ein Punkt mit den Koordinaten (7,3) eine Abszisse von 7. absolute Genauigkeit. Der Grad, in dem die Position eines Objekts auf einer Karte seinem korrekten Ort auf der Erde entsprechend einem akzeptierten Koordinatensystem entspricht. Absolute Koordinaten Koordinaten, die auf den Ursprung eines gegebenen Koordinatensystems bezogen sind. Absolutmodus Eine Möglichkeit, eine Digitalisierungstafel zu verwenden, in der Orte auf dem Tablett auf bestimmte Orte auf dem Bildschirm abgebildet werden. Das Bewegen des Digitalisierer-Pucks auf der Tablettoberfläche bewirkt, dass sich der Bildschirmzeiger genau auf die gleiche Position auf dem Bildschirm bewegt. Absolut eingeschränkte Anpassung Im Survey Analyst für Feldmessungen eine von zwei Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung einer eingeschränkten Anpassung. Bei der absolut eingeschränkten Einstellung behalten die Koordinaten der Referenzpunkte ihren ursprünglichen Wert bei. Verwenden Sie diese Methode, wenn Referenzpunkte im Umfragedatensatz unverändert bleiben sollen. Absorption Die Menge der durch Wechselwirkungen mit Gasmolekülen und Materie verlorenen elektromagnetischen Energie während ihres Durchgangs durch die Atmosphäre. Abstrakte Klasse In ArcObjects ist eine Spezifikation für Unterklassen, die häufig auf Objektmodelldiagrammen gezeigt wird, um die Struktur des Diagramms zu unterstützen. Eine abstrakte Klasse ist in einer Typbibliothek nicht definiert und kann nicht instanziiert werden. Abstraktion Eine vereinfachte Vorstellung von einem realen Objekt oder System. Zugriffssteuerungsliste Eine Liste von Konten oder Benutzern, die für die Kennzeichnung eingeschränkter und unbeschränkter Dienste und die für den Zugriff auf ein Objekt erforderlichen Authentifizierungskriterien verwendet werden. Zugriffstaste Eine Tastenkombination, die es einem Benutzer ermöglicht, auf den Inhalt des Hauptmenüs zuzugreifen, indem er die Alt-Taste gedrückt hält und den unterstrichenen Buchstaben im Menü oder Menübefehls-Element drückt. Eine Zugriffstaste wird erstellt, indem ein kaufmännisches Und-Zeichen (amp) vor dem entsprechenden Buchstaben in der Befehlsbeschreibung steht. Erreichbarkeit Ein aggregiertes Maß für den Grad der Leichtigkeit, mit dem ein Ort, eine Person oder ein Ding erreicht werden kann, abhängig von Faktoren wie Hang, Verkehr, Entfernung, und so weiter. Kontoinformations-Webdienst Ein SOAP-ArcWeb-Dienst, der zum Anzeigen von Informationen über ArcWeb-Dienstkonten wie Nutzungsstatistiken für Datendienste und ArcWeb-Dienste verwendet wird. Der Account-Info-Webdienst ist als SOAP-Schnittstelle und als Webschnittstelle verfügbar. Der Grad, in dem ein Messwert den wahren oder akzeptierten Werten entspricht. Genauigkeit ist ein Maß für die Korrektheit. Sie unterscheidet sich von der Genauigkeit, die die Genauigkeit misst. In ArcWeb Services werden Kreise, Linien, Polygone, Punkte oder Markierungen transparent, wenn sie nicht aktiv sind. Acetat-Merkmale werden auf anderen Kartenschichten überlagert und können unabhängig kommentiert werden. Acknowledgement fileacknowledgement file In ArcGIS ist eine XML-Datei enthalten, die eine Quittungsnachricht enthält. Acknowledgement messageacknowledgement message In ArcGIS eine Nachricht von einer Replik an ihre relative Quittierung der Datenänderungen, die von der sendenden Replik empfangen werden. Akronym für die Zugriffssteuerungsliste. Eine Liste von Konten oder Benutzern, die verwendet werden, um beschränkte und unbeschränkte Dienste zu bezeichnen, und die Authentifizierungskriterien, die für den Zugriff auf ein Objekt erforderlich sind. Ein ferngesteuertes Werkzeug mit einem Schwingspiegel, der sich über eine Fahrtrichtung des Satelliten hin und her bewegt, wodurch aneinandergrenzende oder sich leicht überlappende Linienlinienstreifen entstehen, wodurch ein Bild erzeugt wird. Aktiver Datenrahmen Der gerade gearbeitete Datenrahmen8212, der Datenrahmen, zu dem Ebenen hinzugefügt werden. Der aktive Datenrahmen wird auf der Karte hervorgehoben, und sein Name wird fett gedruckt im Inhaltsverzeichnis angezeigt. Aktives Netzwerk Im Rahmen der Survey Analyst für Feldmessungen wurde der Schwerpunkt der Analysen angewandt. In einem aktiven Netzwerk können Benutzer eine Netzwerk-Datenpunkte im Survey Explorer auflisten, Pausen in der Netzwerkberechnungssequenz erkennen und lösen sowie Zyklen im Netzwerk finden und reparieren. Aktive Fernerkundung Ein Fernerkundungssystem wie Radar, das elektromagnetische Strahlung erzeugt und seine Reflexion von einer Oberfläche zurückreflektiert. Active Server Pages Eine Microsoft-Serverseitige Scripting-Technologie, mit der dynamische, interaktive Webanwendungen erstellt und ausgeführt werden können, die typischerweise in JScript, JavaScript oder VBScript codiert sind. Eine ASP-Datei enthält nicht nur die Text - und HTML-Tags, die Standard-Webdokumente enthalten, sondern auch Befehle, die in einer Skriptsprache geschrieben werden, die auf dem Server oder dem Client ausgeführt werden kann. Aktive Vorlagenbibliothek Ein Satz von C-Vorlagenklassen, die von Microsoft für die Verwendung beim Erstellen von Windows-COM-Objekten entwickelt wurden. Aktives Thema In ArcView 3.x wird das Thema in einem Ansichtsdokument verwendet, auf das Schaltflächen - und Werkzeugaktionen oder entsprechende Menübefehle angewendet werden. Ein aktives Thema wird in einem Ansichten-Inhaltsverzeichnis angezeigt. ActiveX Connector Ein ArcIMS Application Server Connector, der eine DLL (Component Object Model) (COM) - DLL ist, die in einer COM-Anwendung wie Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) verwendet werden kann. Eine Maßnahme, mit Hilfe eines Mikrodensitometers oder eines anderen Instruments, wie gut ein photographisches System scharfe Kanten zwischen aneinandergrenzenden hellen und dunklen Bereichen zeigt. Hinzufügen von ArcWeb-Daten Ein ArcWeb-Dienstprogramm, mit dem ArcGeb-Daten ArcGIS hinzugefügt werden können. Hinzufügen von ArcWeb-Daten ist als Teil der ArcWeb-Symbolleiste für ArcGIS verfügbar. Eine Erweiterung zu einem Softwareprogramm, das eine benutzerdefinierte Aufgabe ausführt. ESRI stellt verschiedene Entwickler-Add-Ins als Teil des ArcGIS Developer Kit zur Verfügung. Eine Ortsbezeichnung eines Wohnsitzes oder eines Arbeitsplatzes, einer Organisation oder eines Gebäudes, bestehend aus numerischen und Textelementen wie Straßennummer, Straßenname und Stadt in einem bestimmten Format. Adressdaten Daten, die Adressinformationen enthalten, die für die Geokodierung verwendet werden. Adressdaten können aus einer einzelnen Adresse oder einer Tabelle mit vielen Adressen bestehen. Adressdatenformat Die Anordnung von Adressinformationen in einer Datenbank, meist bestehend aus Adressenelementen wie Hausnummer, Straßenname, Straßenname, Straßentyp, Stadt und Postleitzahl. Adreßdatenmodell Die Regeln einer Geodatabase, die speziell für adressbezogene Materialien wie Straßen, Zonen, Bereiche usw. entwickelt wurden. Diese Regeln definieren die Adresselemente, ihre Attributwerte und die Beziehungen zwischen ihnen. Ein Adreßdatenmodell erleichtert die Adressdatenspeicherung. Address element Eine der Komponenten, die eine Adresse enthält. Hausnummern, Straßennamen, Straßentypen und Straßenrichtungen sind Beispiele für Adresselemente. Adressereignis In ArcGIS können Funktionen, die sich auf der Basis einer Adresse befinden, die mit einem Straßennetzwerk oder einer anderen Adresskennung übereinstimmt, wie z. B. Postleitzahlen oder Losnummern. Adresse Ereignistabelle In ArcGIS eine Tabelle mit Adressen, aber keine räumlichen Referenzinformationen. Unter Verwendung der GIS-Software können Adressereignistabellen geocodiert werden, um eine räumliche Datenschicht zu erzeugen. Adressfeld Eine Spalte in einer Tabelle, die ein oder mehrere Adresselemente speichert. Ein Adressfeld kann in Referenzdaten, Adressdaten oder beidem vorhanden sein. Address Finder Web Service Ein SOAP-ArcWeb-Dienst, der verwendet wird, um geographische Koordinaten einer Adresse zu finden und eine Adresse anhand geografischer Koordinaten zu finden. Adressformat Die spezielle Struktur und Anordnung der Adresselemente und ein entsprechendes Anpassungsverfahren, das für eine spezifische Anwendung verwendet werden kann. Das Adressformat kann je nach Gebietsschema oder Land variieren. Adressen-Geokodierung Eine GIS-Operation zum Umwandeln von Straßenadressen in räumliche Daten, die als Merkmale auf einer Karte dargestellt werden können, üblicherweise durch Referenzieren von Adresseninformationen von einer Straßensegment-Datenschicht. Adresslokalisierer Ein Datensatz in ArcGIS, der die Adressattribute, zugehörigen Indizes und Regeln speichert, die den Prozess zum Übersetzen von nicht räumlichen Beschreibungen von Orten, wie beispielsweise Straßenadressen, in räumliche Daten definieren, die als Merkmale auf einer Karte dargestellt werden können. Ein Adresslokator enthält einen Schnappschuss der für die Geokodierung verwendeten Referenzdaten und Parameter zum Standardisieren von Adressen, Suchen nach Übereinstimmungsstellen und Erzeugen einer Ausgabe. Adresslocator-Dateien haben eine. loc-Dateierweiterung. In ArcGIS 8.3 und früheren Versionen wurde ein Adressen-Locator als Geocodierungsdienst bezeichnet. Address locator property Ein Parameter in einem Adresslokator, der den Prozess der Geocodierung definiert. Address locator style Eine Vorlage, auf der ein Adressen-Locator aufgebaut wird. Jede Schablone ist entworfen, um ein spezifisches Format von Adressen - und Referenzdaten und Geocodierungsparameter aufzunehmen. Die Template-Datei für die Adresse Locator hat eine. lot Dateierweiterung. Address Manager-Webdienst Ein SOAP-ArcWeb-Dienst, der zum Batch-Geocodieren eines benutzerdefinierten Satzes von Punktadressen verwendet wird. Der Address Manager-Webdienst ist als SOAP-Schnittstelle und als Webschnittstelle verfügbar. Adressenanpassung Ein Prozess, der eine Adresse oder eine Tabelle von Adressen mit den Adressattributen eines Referenzdatensatzes vergleicht, um zu bestimmen, ob eine bestimmte Adresse in einen Adressbereich fällt, der mit einem Merkmal in dem Referenzdatensatz verknüpft ist. Wenn eine Adresse innerhalb eines Merkmalsadressbereichs liegt, wird sie als eine Übereinstimmung betrachtet und ein Ort kann zurückgegeben werden. Adressbereich Straßennummern, die vom niedrigsten zum höchsten Punkt entlang eines Straßen - oder Straßenabschnitts laufen. Adressbereiche werden im Allgemeinen als Felder in der Attributtabelle einer Straßendatenschicht gespeichert. Sie zeigen oft Bereiche auf der linken und rechten Seite der Straßen. Adressdienst Ein Dienst, der die x, y-Adresse einer Adresse ermitteln und die Adresse einer x, y-Stelle zurückgeben kann. Adresse Standardisierung Der Prozess der Abbau einer Adresse in Elemente und Umwandlung dieser Elemente mit Standard-Abkürzungen oder Schreibweisen. Für bewährte Verfahren gilt dieses Verfahren für die Vorbereitung der Referenzdaten und der Adreßdaten zum Matching. Address standardizer Ein Tool, das eine Adresse in Elemente vorbereitet und zerlegt, die für die Geocodierung verwendet werden können. Der Prozess kann einige Elemente in Standard-Keywords oder Abkürzungen zum Beispiel, Avenue kann übersetzt werden, um Ave. Address style Eine Reihe von Richtlinien, die das Format von Adressen und Methoden der Übereinstimmung definieren, die für eine bestimmte Anwendung verwendet werden können. Adds table Die Geodatabase-Systemtabelle, die erstellt wird, wenn eine Feature-Class oder - Tabelle als versioniert registriert ist und Informationen über alle eingefügten oder aktualisierten Zeilen enthält. Akronym für Anwendungsentwickler-Framework. Der Satz benutzerdefinierter Web-Steuerelemente und Vorlagen, die zum Erstellen von Webanwendungen verwendet werden können, die mit einem GIS-Server kommunizieren. ArcGIS Server enthält einen ADF für. NET und Java. ADF-Laufzeit Die Komponenten, die zum Ausführen einer mit dem ADF erstellten Anwendung erforderlich sind. Eine räumliche Beziehung, in der zwei oder mehr Polygone eine Seite oder eine Grenze teilen. Adjacency query Eine Anweisung oder ein logischer Ausdruck, der verwendet wird, um geografische Merkmale auszuwählen, die eine Grenze teilen. Anpassungsebene In Survey Analyst für Kataster, eine Zahl, die einem bestimmten Satz von Verschiebungsvektoren in einer Reihe von Anpassungen des Katastergewebes entspricht. Das Einstellniveau ist in der Regel durch Datum und Uhrzeit der Einstellung gekennzeichnet. Der Prozess der Aneignung einer Technologie und setzen sie für die eigenen Zwecke die Handlung von einer Person, Organisation oder Gemeinschaft der Auswahl einer Technologie und setzen sie in Kraft. Akronym für abstrakten Datentyp. Für OpenLS ein Datentyp und eine Struktur für Standortinformationen, die von zwei oder mehreren Diensten gemeinsam genutzt werden. ADTs sind Anwendungsschemata, die in XML für Location Services (XLS) codiert sind. Fortgeschrittenes Hochauflösungsradiometer Ein auf nationale Ozean - und Atmosphärenverhältnisse (NOAA) geflogener Scanner zur Messung der sichtbaren und infraroten Strahlung, die von Vegetation, Wolkendecke, Küstenstreifen, Wasser, Schnee und Eis reflektiert wird. AVHRR-Daten werden oft für die Wettervorhersage und Vegetation Mapping verwendet. Luftaufnahme Eine Fotografie der Erdoberfläche von einer Plattform, die über die Oberfläche, aber nicht in der Umlaufbahn, in der Regel ein Flugzeug. Luftfotografie wird häufig als kartographische Datenquelle für Basemapping, Lokalisierung geografischer Merkmale und Interpretation von Umweltbedingungen verwendet. Zugehörigkeit In MOLE ist die Art der Bedrohung durch das Kriegskämpfelement repräsentiert. Die vier Grundtypen, die von MOLE unterstützt werden, sind unbekannt, Freund, neutral und feindlich. Affine Transformation Eine geometrische Transformation, die skaliert, dreht, skews, andor übersetzt Bilder oder Koordinaten zwischen zwei beliebigen Euklidischen Räumen. Es wird häufig in GIS verwendet, um Karten zwischen Koordinatensystemen umzuwandeln. Bei einer affinen Transformation bleiben parallele Linien parallel, der Mittelpunkt eines Liniensegments bleibt ein Mittelpunkt, und alle Punkte auf einer Geraden verbleiben auf einer Geraden. Bei der Modellierung, eine Einheit innerhalb eines Modells, das Transaktionen durchführt, um die Handlungen eines Menschen, einer Gruppe von Menschen, Tieren oder anderen Akteuren zu simulieren. Agenten-basierte Modell Eine Simulation der großen Konsequenzen der Entscheidungen und Interaktionen der einzelnen Mitglieder einer Bevölkerung. Ein agentbasiertes Modell besteht aus einer Umgebung oder einem Framework, die den Umfang und die Regeln von Aktionen definiert, zusammen mit einer Anzahl von Agenten, die einen oder mehrere Akteure repräsentieren, deren Parameter und Verhaltensweisen definiert sind. Wenn das Modell ausgeführt wird, werden die Eigenschaften jedes Agenten durch Zeit und Raum verfolgt. Aggregation Der Prozess des Sammelns eines Satzes ähnlicher, meist benachbarter Polygone (mit ihren zugehörigen Attributen), um eine einzelne, größere Einheit zu bilden. Akronym für Adobe Integrated Runtime. Eine plattformübergreifende Laufzeitumgebung auf HTML, Flash und Flex. AIR-Anwendungen werden auf einem Desktop bereitgestellt und können mit einem Server für Updates oder erweiterte Funktionalität kommunizieren. Luftstation In der Luftaufnahme, jeder Punkt in der Flugbahn, bei der die Kamera den Film aussetzt. Abkürzung für Aeronautical Information Exchange Format. Ein XML-Format zur Beschreibung der von EUROCONTROL (Europäische Organisation für die Sicherheit der Luftfahrt) geschaffenen und gepflegten Luftfahrttransaktionen, die weltweit angenommen werden. Akronym für asynchrones JavaScript und XML. Ein Programmierverfahren zum Erstellen schneller, interaktiver Internet-Anwendungen. AJAX fügt eine kleine Anwendung zu einem Teil des Software-Benutzerbrowsers für schnelles Laden und Anzeigen hinzu. Ein Maß für die Reflektivität eines Objekts oder einer Oberfläche ist das Verhältnis der Strahlungsmenge, die von einem Körper reflektiert wird, zu der Energiemenge, die darauf schlägt. Eine Meldung, die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine bemerkenswerte Situation lenkt oder Benutzer über Änderungen im Zustand einer überwachten Situation informiert. Ein mathematisches Verfahren verwendet, um Probleme mit einer Reihe von Schritten zu lösen. Algorithmen werden üblicherweise als eine Sequenz von Computerbefehlen kodiert. Ein alternativer Name für Felder, Tabellen, Dateien oder Datasets, die beschreibender und benutzerfreundlicher als der tatsächliche Name ist. Auf Computernetzwerken kann sich ein einziger E-Mail-Alias ​​auf eine Gruppe von E-Mail-Adressen beziehen. Das gezackte Aussehen von Kurven und diagonalen Linien in einem Rasterbild. Das Aliasing wird deutlicher, wenn die Größe der Rasterpixel erhöht oder die Auflösung des Bildes verringert wird. Ein Blick auf einen Straightge montiert und verwendet, um die Richtung zu messen. Align fields Eine Aufgabe, die die für die Geocodierung erforderlichen Felder, wie Adresse und Stadt, beim Hochladen von Daten identifiziert. Aligned dimension Ein Zeichnungssymbol, das parallel zur Grundlinie verläuft und den wahren Abstand zwischen Anfangs - und Endpunkt anzeigt. Zuordnung Bei der Netzwerkanalyse wird der Prozess der Zuordnung von Elementen oder Kanten und Übergängen zu Merkmalen bis zur Erreichung der Merkmalskapazität oder der Impedanzgrenze erreicht. Zum Beispiel können die Straßen in einem Sechs-Minuten-Radius der am meisten zugänglichen Feuerwache zugeordnet werden, oder die Schüler können der nächsten Schule zugeteilt werden, bis sie voll ist. In GPS, eine Datei, die von einem Satelliten zu einem Empfänger übertragen wird, der Informationen über die Umlaufbahnen aller Satelliten enthält, die in dem Satellitennetzwerk enthalten sind. Receiver beziehen sich auf den Almanach, um zu bestimmen, welcher Satelliten zu verfolgen. Spur-Scanner Ein Fernerkundungswerkzeug mit einer Reihe von vielen festen Sensoren, die reflektierte Strahlung aus dem Gelände entlang einer Bewegungsrichtung des Satelliten aufzeichnen und aneinandergrenzende oder sich leicht überlappende Streifen erzeugen, wodurch ein Bild erzeugt wird. Alphanumerisches Gitter Ein Gitter aus nummerierten Zeilen und beschrifteten Spalten (oder umgekehrt), die auf einer Karte überlagert sind, um Funktionen zu finden und zu identifizieren. Alphanumerische Netze werden üblicherweise als Referenzsystem auf lokalen Straßenkarten verwendet. Alternate key Ein Attribut oder Satz von Attributen in einer relationalen Datenbank, die für jeden Datensatz eine eindeutige Kennung bereitstellt und als Alternative zum Primärschlüssel verwendet werden kann. Alternativer Name Ein Name für ein Adressenelement, in der Regel ein Straßenname, der sich vom offiziellen oder allgemeinsten Namen unterscheidet. Beispielsweise könnte eine Autobahnnummer ein alternativer Name für einen Straßennamen sein. Die Höhe oder vertikale Höhe eines Punktes über einer Referenzfläche. Die Höhenmessungen basieren gewöhnlich auf einem gegebenen Bezugsdatum, wie etwa dem mittleren Meeresspiegel. Akronym für automatisiertes MappingFacilities Management. GIS - oder CAD-basierte Systeme, die von Versorgungsunternehmen und öffentlichen Bauwerksorganisationen zum Speichern, Manipulieren und Mappen von Gebäudeinformationen wie dem Standort geografisch verteilter Anlagen verwendet werden. Im GIS ist ein Unsicherheitszustand bei der Datenklassifikation, der vorhanden ist, wenn ein Objekt zweckmäßig zwei oder mehr Werte für ein gegebenes Attribut zugewiesen werden kann. Beispielsweise können Küstengebiete, die Tidalfluktuationen erfahren, zu gewissen Zeiten trocken und unter Wasser zu anderen Zeiten sein. Mehrdeutigkeit kann durch veränderliche Bedingungen in der Realität, durch unvollständige oder widersprüchliche Definitionen von Attributen oder durch subjektive Unterschiede in der Auswertung von Daten verursacht werden. Es kann auch durch Streitigkeiten verursacht werden, wie wenn zwei Parteien behaupten, das Eigentum an dem gleichen Land. American National Standards Institute Die private, gemeinnützige Organisation, die U. S. Industriestandards durch Konsens und öffentliche Überprüfung entwickelt. Amerikanischer Standardcode für den Informationsaustausch Der De-facto-Standard für das Format von Textdateien in Computern und im Internet, der jedem alphanumerischen oder Sonderzeichen eine 7-Bit-Binärzahl zuweist. ASCII definiert 128 mögliche Zeichen. Akronym für ARC Macro Language. Eine von ESRI erstellte, proprietäre Programmiersprache für die Erzeugung von Endbenutzeranwendungen in ArcInfo Workstation. Ein Bereich, der durch das Finden der äußersten Kunden eines Speichers entlang mehrerer Vektoren berechnet und verbunden wird. Komplexe Marktgebiete sind genauer als einfache Marktgebiete, weil sie auf physische und kulturelle Barrieren reagieren. Sie werden manchmal genannt Amöben wegen ihrer unregelmäßigen Formen. Ein Stereobild, das durch Überlagerung von zwei Bildern desselben Bereichs erzeugt wird. Die Bilder werden in komplementären Farben, meist rot und blau oder grün dargestellt. Wenn sie durch Filter mit entsprechenden Farben betrachtet werden, erscheinen die Bilder als ein dreidimensionales Bild. Vertreten kontinuierlich statt in diskreten Schritten mit Wert in jedem Grad der Präzision. Analoge Bild Ein Bild, das durch eine kontinuierliche Veränderung des Tons, wie ein Foto, dargestellt wird. Eine systematische Untersuchung eines Problems oder einer komplexen Entität, um neue Informationen aus dem bereits Bekannten zu gewinnen. Analyseumfang Der geografische Grenzbereich, innerhalb dessen eine räumliche Analyse stattfindet. Der Begrenzungsbereich wird festgelegt, indem die x, y-Koordinaten der gegenüberliegenden Ecken definiert werden, in der Regel die unteren linken und oberen rechten Ecken der Ergebnisse. Analyse-Maske In der digitalen Kartographie, ein Mittel zum Abdecken oder Ausblenden von Funktionen auf einer Karte, um die kartographische Darstellung zu verbessern. Zum Beispiel wird Maskierung oft verwendet, um Funktionen hinter Text zu decken, um den Text lesbarer zu machen. Auswertung der Varianz Ein statistisches Verfahren zur Auswertung der Varianz der Mittelwerte für zwei oder mehr Datensätze, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu bestimmen, dass die Daten von der gleichen Stichprobe oder statistischen Population stammen. Nebendaten Bei der digitalen Bildverarbeitung werden Daten aus anderen Quellen als Fernerkundung verwendet, um die Analyse und Klassifizierung zu unterstützen oder Metadaten zu füllen. Nebenquelle Eine ergänzende Informationsquelle. Winkeleinheit Die Maßeinheit auf einer Kugel oder einem Sphäroid, in der Regel Grad. Einige Kartenprojektionsparameter, wie der zentrale Meridian und die Standardparallele, sind in Winkeleinheiten definiert. In ArcMap, ArcScene und ArcGlobe wird eine Sammlung von Animationsspuren, die die dynamischen Eigenschaften ändern, zu zugeordneten Objekten geändert. Eine Animation ermöglicht die Navigation durch die Anzeige, die Visualisierung von zeitlichen Änderungen oder die Veränderung von Ebenen - und Szeneeigenschaften, wie zB Schichttransparenz oder Szenenhintergrund. Animations-Manager In ArcMap, ArcScene und ArcGlobe kann die Schnittstelle, in der die Keyframes, Tracks und Zeitskaleneigenschaften einer Animation bearbeitet und eine Animation zeitgesteuert und in der Vorschau angezeigt werden kann, verwendet werden. Anisotrop Having ungleichmäßige räumliche Verteilung der Bewegung oder Eigenschaften, in der Regel über eine Oberfläche. Anisotropie Eine Eigenschaft eines räumlichen Prozesses oder Daten, bei der sich die räumliche Abhängigkeit (Autokorrelation) sowohl mit dem Abstand als auch mit der Richtung zwischen zwei Orten ändert. Annotation In Kartografie, Text oder Grafiken auf einer Karte, die Informationen für den Kartenleser liefert. Annotation kann eine bestimmte Kartenentität identifizieren oder beschreiben, allgemeine Informationen über einen Bereich auf der Karte bereitstellen oder Informationen über die Karte selbst bereitstellen. Annotationsklasse Eine Teilmenge der Annotation in einer Standard - oder Feature-Linked-Geodatabase-Annotation-Feature-Class, die Eigenschaften enthält, die bestimmen, wie die Teilmenge der Annotation angezeigt wird. Eine Standard - oder Feature-linked-Geodatabase-Annotation-Feature-Class kann eine oder mehrere Annotationsklassen enthalten. Annotations-Konstruktionsmethode Einer einer Anzahl von Prozeduren, die bestimmen, welche Art von Annotationsmerkmal erstellt wird, und die Anzahl der erforderlichen Punkte, um neue Annotationsmerkmale zu erstellen. Bauverfahren umfassen horizontale, gerade, gekrümmte, Führungslinie und folgen Feature. Annotation-Feature-Class Eine Geodatabase-Feature-Class, die Text oder Grafiken speichert, die Informationen zu Features oder allgemeinen Bereichen einer Map (Annotation) bereitstellen. Eine Annotation-Feature-Class kann mit einer anderen Feature-Class verknüpft werden, sodass Änderungen an den Features in der entsprechenden Annotation berücksichtigt werden (feature-linked Annotation). Annotation in einer Geodatabase wird während einer Bearbeitungssitzung bearbeitet, indem Sie die Werkzeuge in der Symbolleiste Annotation verwenden. Annotationsgruppe Ein Container innerhalb eines Kartendokuments zum Organisieren und Verwalten von Text oder Grafiken, die zusätzliche Informationen über Merkmale oder allgemeine Bereiche einer Karte bereitstellen. Anmerkungsgruppen erlauben die Kontrolle der Anzeige verschiedener Annotationsgruppen. Die in einem Kartendokument gespeicherte Annotation wird mit den Werkzeugen auf der Symbolleiste Zeichnen bearbeitet. Annotationsschicht Eine Schicht, die auf Annotation verweist. Die für die Annotation gespeicherten Informationen umfassen einen Textstring, eine Position, an der er angezeigt werden kann, und Anzeigemerkmale. Annotationsziel In ArcMap wird die Annotationsgruppe oder Feature-Class in einem Kartendokument gespeichert, in dem neue Annotationen gespeichert werden, wenn sie mit den neuen Textwerkzeugen in der Symbolleiste Zeichnen oder beim Kopieren und Einfügen von Annotationen erstellt werden. Annotation, die mit den Annotation Edit-Tools erstellt wurde, wird im aktuellen Bearbeitungsziel und nicht im Annotationsziel gespeichert. Ein statistisches Verfahren zur Bewertung der Varianz der Mittelwerte für zwei oder mehr Datensätze, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu bewerten, dass die Daten von der gleichen Stichprobe oder statistischen Population stammen. Akronym für American National Standards Institute. Die private, gemeinnützige Organisation, die U. S. Industriestandards durch Konsens und öffentliche Überprüfung entwickelt. Ein Open-Source-Java-basiertes Tool von der Apache Software Foundation, das zur Verwaltung der Buildprozedur von Anwendungen verwendet wird. Jeder Punkt auf der Oberfläche einer Kugel, die 180 Grad (gegenüberliegend) von einem gegebenen Punkt auf derselben Oberfläche liegt, so dass eine Linie, die zwischen den beiden Punkten durch die Kugelmitte gezogen wird, einen wahren Durchmesser bildet. Any-vertex-Konnektivität In Netzwerkdatensätzen wird eine Art von Kantenkonnektivitätsrichtlinie angegeben, die angibt, dass eine Kante eine Verbindung zu einer anderen Kante oder Verzweigung herstellen kann, an der sie übereinstimmende Knoten haben. Anywhere fix Eine Position, die ein GPS-Empfänger berechnen kann, ohne seinen eigenen Standort oder die lokale Zeit zu kennen. Das Ausmaß, das verwendet wird, um einen Fokusbereich für eine Karten - oder Datenbankproduktion zu definieren. In Microsofts COM-Komponente Programmiermodell, eine Gruppe von Threads, die innerhalb eines Prozesses, die innerhalb des gleichen Kontexts zu arbeiten. Aphylaktische Projektion Eine Projektion, die nicht gleiche Flächen, konforme oder äquidistante Eigenschaften aufweist. Die Kompromissprojektion ist ein Versuch der Balance zwischen diesen Merkmalen und wird häufig in der thematischen Abbildung verwendet. Akronym für Anwendungsprogrammierschnittstelle. Eine Reihe von Schnittstellen, Methoden, Protokollen und Tools, die Anwendungsentwickler zum Erstellen oder Anpassen eines Softwareprogramms verwenden. APIs erleichtern die Entwicklung eines Programms durch die Bereitstellung von Bausteinen für vordefinierten, getesteten und dokumentierten Code, die in das neue Programm integriert werden. APIs können für jede Programmiersprache erstellt werden. In ArcWeb Services eine verschlüsselungsbasierte Authentifizierungsmethode für die JavaScript-API von ArcWeb Explorer. Ein API-Schlüssel ist nur für registrierte URLs gültig. In einem Umlaufbahnpfad ist der Punkt, an dem sich das Objekt im Orbit am weitesten von der Körpermitte entfernt befindet, umkreist. Eine militärische Symbologie Spezifikation von NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) veröffentlicht. APP-6A basiert auf MIL-STD-2525A, dem Vorgänger von MIL-STD-2525B. Hinzufügen von Funktionen aus mehreren Datenquellen desselben Datentyps zu einem vorhandenen Dataset. Ein kleines Programm, das normalerweise innerhalb eines Webbrowsers ausgeführt wird. Applets sind mit den meisten Plattformen kompatibel und können auch in Anwendungen oder Geräten verwendet werden, die Applets unterstützen. Anwendung Die Verwendung eines GIS, um Probleme zu lösen, Aufgaben zu automatisieren oder Informationen innerhalb eines bestimmten Bereichs zu generieren. So bestimmt eine gemeinsame landwirtschaftliche Anwendung von GIS die Befruchtungsanforderungen, die auf Feldkarten der Bodenchemie und früherer Ernteerträge basieren. Application Developer Framework Der Satz von benutzerdefinierten Web-Steuerelementen und Vorlagen, die zum Erstellen von Webanwendungen verwendet werden können, die mit einem GIS-Server kommunizieren. ArcGIS Server enthält einen ADF für. NET und Java. Anwendungsprogrammierschnittstelle Eine Reihe von Schnittstellen, Methoden, Protokollen und Tools, die Anwendungsentwickler zum Erstellen oder Anpassen eines Softwareprogramms verwenden. APIs erleichtern die Entwicklung eines Programms durch die Bereitstellung von Bausteinen für vordefinierten, getesteten und dokumentierten Code, die in das neue Programm integriert werden. APIs können für jede Programmiersprache erstellt werden. Anwendungsserver Ein Computerprogramm, das Benutzeranforderungen über eine Clientanwendung empfängt und Ergebnisse an den Client zurückgibt. Anwendungs-Webdienst Ein Webdienst, der ein bestimmtes Problem löst, z. B. einen Webdienst, der alle Krankenhäuser innerhalb einer bestimmten Distanz einer Adresse findet. Ein Anwendungs-Webdienst kann mit dem nativen Web-Service-Framework eines Webservers implementiert werden, z. B. einem ASP. NET-Webdienst (WebMethod) oder Java-Webdienst (Axis). Beliebiges Symbol Ein Symbol, das keine visuelle Ähnlichkeit mit dem Merkmal hat, das es darstellt, beispielsweise ein Kreis, der verwendet wird, um eine Stadt zu repräsentieren, oder ein Dreieck, das verwendet wird, um eine Schule zu repräsentieren. Auf einer Karte ist eine Form definiert durch eine verbundene Reihe von eindeutigen x, y-Koordinatenpaaren. Ein Bogen kann gerade oder gekrümmt sein. ARC Macro Language Eine von ESRI erstellte, proprietäre Programmiersprache für die Erzeugung von Endbenutzeranwendungen in ArcInfo Workstation. Bogensekunde Ein Winkel, der gleich einem Sechzigtel einer Minute Breite oder Länge ist. ArcGIS Online Ein Satz von webbasierten Basiskarten, Globen und anderen Daten und Diensten, die von ESRI für die Verwendung in ArcGIS-Produkten und GIS-Anwendungen im Internet erstellt wurden. ArcGIS Server-Webdienst Ein Webdienst, der von einem ArcGIS-Server verarbeitet und ausgeführt wird. Jeder Webdienst hat einen eigenen HTTP-Speicherort (URL). Der Webzugriff ist standardmäßig für alle ArcGIS Server-Dienste aktiviert, kann aber von einem Administrator deaktiviert werden. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Eine ArcGIS-Erweiterung, die räumliche Modellierungs - und Analysefunktionen bietet. Es ermöglicht die Erstellung, Abfrage, Abbildung und Analyse von zellbasierten Rasterdaten und integrierter Vektor-Raster-Analyse. Der Befehl, der mit dem Java ADF bereitgestellt wird und das Apache Ant-Tool startet, das Webanwendungen erstellt und bereitstellt. Architektur Der interne Entwurf einer Anwendung oder eines Softwarepakets, wie die Software oder Hardwarekomponenten zu einer funktionierenden Einheit organisiert sind. Eine Sammlung von Informationen oder Daten, die auf einem permanenten Medium wie CDs, Disks oder Bändern gespeichert sind. Informationen werden archiviert, um ihre Sicherheit oder Beharrlichkeit zu gewährleisten. In ArcGIS und ArcSDE wird eine Prozedur gespeichert, die eine Geodatabase zum Erfassen und Speichern von Updates für Features und Datensätze zur Verfügung stellt, wenn die Version veröffentlicht oder bearbeitet wird. Archivierung baut eine Linie historischer Informationen auf, die angesehen und abgefragt werden können. ESRI-Software, die das zentrale Hosting und Servieren von GIS-Karten, Daten und Anwendungen für die Nutzung im Internet ermöglicht. Das administrative Framework ermöglicht es Benutzern, Konfigurationsdateien zu veröffentlichen, Karten zuzuordnen, Webseiten zu erstellen und ArcIMS-Spatial-Server zu verwalten. ArcIMS unterstützt Windows-, Linux - und UNIX-Plattformen und ist auf vielen Ebenen anpassbar. ArcIMS-Administrator Die ArcIMS-Komponente, die Benutzern die Verwaltung von ArcIMS-Diensten, Servern, virtuellen Servern und Ordnern ermöglicht. ArcIMS-Anwendungsserver Die ArcIMS-Komponente, die die Verteilung von eingehenden Anforderungen verarbeitet. Es erfasst, welche Dienste auf welchen ArcIMS-Servern ausgeführt werden und übergibt eine Anfrage an den entsprechenden ArcIMS-Server. ArcIMS Application Server Connector Eine Komponente, die zum Verbinden des Webservers mit dem ArcIMS-Anwendungsserver verwendet wird. Zu den Typen von Connectors gehören ActiveX Connector, ColdFusion Connector, Java Connector. NET Link und Servlet-Anschluss. Connectors müssen auf demselben Computer wie der Webserver installiert werden. ArcIMS-Architektur Ein Multitrader-Framework, das ArcIMS-Komponenten umfasst: ArcIMS Managermanager-Anwendungen, Anwendungsserver, Anwendungsserverconnectors, Monitor, Taskker, Spatialserver und Viewer. Die vollständige Architektur umfasst auch ein Windows - oder UNIX-Betriebssystem, einen Webserver, eine Servlet-Engine und clientseitige Webbrowser. ArcIMS Author Die ArcIMS-Komponente, die es Benutzern ermöglicht, Daten in einer Konfigurationsdatei zu organisieren, die zum Erstellen eines Dienstes verwendet werden kann. Eine Konfigurationsdatei gibt den Karteninhalt an: welche Datenschichten angezeigt werden und wie sie aussehen (Farbe, Symbole, Beschriftungen usw.). ArcIMS Designer Die ArcIMS-Komponente, die Benutzer bei der Gestaltung von Webseiten basierend auf mindestens einem Dienst und einem der ArcIMS-Viewer führt. Users choose from a variety of options including toolbar functions, scale bar properties, and visible layer settings. ArcIMS Manager A suite of Web pages, deprecated in the 9.0 release, that guides users through the process of authoring configuration files, publishing services, designing Web pages, and administering sites. ArcIMS Manager combines the three independent applications (ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Designer, and ArcIMS Administrator) into one wizard-driven framework. ArcIMS Manager resides on the Web server computer and can be accessed remotely. It is also referred to as the Web-based Manager and Remote Manager. ArcIMS manager application Any one of these stand-alone applications: ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Administrator, or ArcIMS Designer. Each of these applications guides users through a process: authoring configuration files (ArcIMS Author), creating services and administering sites (ArcIMS Administrator), or designing Web pages (ArcIMS Designer). ArcIMS Monitor An ArcIMS component that tracks the state of the ArcIMS spatial server. When a computer system reboots, ArcIMS Monitor restarts services automatically by restarting the site configuration. This configuration is based on the setting saved in a serialized file ending in the file extension. sez. ArcIMS service A service that allows the content of a configuration file to be published on the Internet. The configuration file provides data layer content and symbology that the service registers to the ArcIMS spatial server and Web server for processing. ArcIMS Service Administrator A Web-based administration application that allows users to manage ArcIMS services and ArcSDE services remotely. ArcIMS Tasker An ArcIMS component that removes temporary image files generated by the image and ArcMap image services at a user-defined time interval. ArcIMS viewer Any one of the three Web site designs that come as standard options in ArcIMS Designer: the HTML, Java Custom, and Java Standard. They provide the functionality and graphic look for Web sites. The Java viewers require a one-time Web download and are only compatible with Web browsers that support Java 2 plug-in functionality. ArcIMS virtual server A grouping of one or more spatial servers into a single unit for administrative purposes. All of the following are ArcIMS virtual servers: the ArcMap server, extract server, feature server, geocode server, image server, metadata server, query server, and route server. The ArcMap server and route server are optional extensions to ArcIMS. ArcIMS Web site directory The directory that stores the files that make up the ArcIMS Internet GIS application and other files. It is the directory specified as the Working Directory during the installation process. The default location for Windows is C:ArcIMS. The default location for UNIX is home. ArcIMSFolders. sez A serialization file containing ArcIMS folders and any submitted MapNotes and EditNotes. It is stored in the ArcIMS AppServer directory. This file replaces the EsriMapCookies. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcIMSSite. sez A serialization file created in the ArcIMS AppServer directory that saves site parameters, including which services are running and which servers are started. This file replaces the EsriMapCatalog. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcInfo interchange file A file format, also known as an export file, used to enable a coverage, grid or TIN and an associated INFO table to be transferred between different machines which are not connected by any type of file sharing network. ArcInfo interchange files have a. E00 extension, which increments to. E01. E02, and so on, if the interchange file is composed of several separate files. ArcInfo workspace A file-based collection of coverages, grids, TINs, or shapefiles stored as a directory of folders in the file system. ArcMap Server A public ArcIMS virtual server that allows an ArcGIS user to create maps in ArcMap, rather than ArcIMS Author or ArcIMS Manager, and publish them on the Internet. The ArcMap server is an optional extension to ArcIMS. arc-node topology The data structure in a coverage used to represent linear features and polygon boundaries and to support analysis functions, such as network tracing. Nodes represent the beginning and ending vertices of each arc. Arcs that share a node are connected, and polygons are defined by a series of connected arcs. An arc that intersects another arc is split into two arcs. Each arc that defines all or part of a polygon boundary records the number of the polygon to its left and to its right, giving it a direction of travel. ArcObjects A library of software components that make up the foundation of ArcGIS. ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Engine, and ArcGIS Server are all built using the ArcObjects libraries. Technology for managing geographic information in a relational database management system (RDBMS). ArcSDE is part of the ArcGIS platform, and is the data server between ArcGIS and relational databases. It is widely used to enable geographic information to be shared by many users across a network and to scale in size from personal, to workgroup, to enterprise use. ArcSDE administrative user The user who administers ArcSDE geodatabases. The ArcSDE administrative user can be the SDE user, but for DBO-schema ArcSDE geodatabases in SQL Server it is any user whose login is mapped to DBO in the database, and for user-schema geodatabases in Oracle, the ArcSDE administrative user is the user in whose schema the geodatabase is stored. ArcSDE client application An application or program that communicates with ArcSDE to query, store and manage spatial data. Examples include ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, and ArcIMS. ArcSDE database server In ArcCatalog, an instance of SQL Server Express used to store ArcSDE geodatabases. ArcSDE geodatabase A geodatabase stored in an RDBMS served to client applications using ArcSDE technology. An ArcSDE geodatabase can support long transactions and versioned workflows, be used as a workspace for geoprocessing tasks, and provide the benefits of a relational database such as security, scalability, backup and recovery, and SQL access. ArcSDE Personal Edition geodatabase A single-user ArcSDE geodatabase that is created on Microsoft SQL Server Express. ArcSDE system tables A collection of tables that store metadata about user tables in a geodatabase managed using ArcSDE technology. ArcSDE system tables are owned by an ArcSDE administrative user. ArcSDE Workgroup Edition geodatabase A Microsoft SQL Server Express database that uses ArcSDE technology to store, query, and modify spatial data. Workgroup geodatabases accept up to 10 non-Web client connections and unlimited Web client connections to the SQL Server Express instance and are licensed through ArcGIS Server Workgroup edition. ArcToolbox A user interface in ArcGIS used for accessing, organizing, and managing a collection of geoprocessing tools, models, and scripts. ArcToolbox Window A dockable window used to display, manage, and use the contents of toolboxes in ArcGIS. It provides a shortcut to frequently used tools contained within toolboxes that may be stored in folders or geodatabases on disk. ArcView project In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcView project file In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcWeb Explorer The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ltSPANgt ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. ArcWeb Mobile Toolkit A J2ME-based toolkit for building mobile applications that use ArcWeb Services. ArcWeb Services ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. ArcWeb Services account A Web site for accessing information about an ArcWeb account. This site allows users to activate an ArcWeb Services account, view usage of ArcWeb services, manage POI and address records, and manage groups and alerts. ArcWeb site An ESRI Web site for building custom services, using applications, and learning about ArcWeb Services. Acronym for Arc Extensible Markup Language . A file format that provides a structured method for communication between all ArcIMS components. ArcXML defines content for services and is used for requests and responses between clients, the business logic tier, and servers. A metric areal unit of measure equal to 100 square meters. One are is equal to 1,076.39 square feet, or 0.025 acres. A closed, two-dimensional shape defined by its boundary or by a contiguous set of raster cells. area chart A chart that emphasizes the difference between two or more groups of data for example, the changes in a population from one year to the next. The area of interest is usually shaded in a solid color. area of adjustment In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a continuous set of parcels that have been selected for adjustment by least-squares. area of interest The extent used to define a focus area for either a map or database production. areal scale The ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. A map scale of 1100,000 or 1:100,000 means that one unit of measure on the map equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earth. In computing, a value or expression passed to a function, command, or program. arithmetic expression A number, variable, function, or combination of these, with operators or parentheses, or both, that can be evaluated to produce a single number. arithmetic function A type of mathematical function that performs a calculation on the values of cells in an input raster. There are six arithmetic functions in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst: Abs, Int, Float, Round up (Ceil), Round down (Floor) and Negate. arithmetic operator The symbolic representation of a process or operation performed against one or more operands in an expression, such as (plus, or addition) and gt (greater than). When evaluated, operators return a value as their result. If multiple operators appear in an expression, they are evaluated in order of their operator precedence. In computing, a fundamental data structure consisting of a variable with multiple, sequentially indexed, cells that can each store a value of the same type. Each cell of the array acts as a variable, and the cells are referenced by an index value for each array dimension. One-dimensional arrays, called vectors, and two-dimensional arrays, called matrices, are most common, but arrays may have more dimensions. artificial neural network A computer architecture modeled after the human brain and designed to solve problems that human brains solve well, such as recognizing patterns and making predictions from past performance. Neural networks are composed of interconnected computer processors that calculate a number of weighted inputs to generate an output. For example, an output might be the approval or rejection of a credit application. This output would be based on several inputs, including the applicants income, current debt, and credit history. Some of these inputs would count more than others cumulatively, they would be compared to a threshold value that separates approvals from rejections. Neural networks learn to generate better outputs by adjusting the weights and thresholds applied to their inputs. ascending node The point at which a satellite traveling south to north crosses the equator. Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange . The de facto standard for the format of text files in computers and on the Internet that assigns a 7-bit binary number to each alphanumeric or special character. ASCII defines 128 possible characters. Acronym for Active Server Pages . A Microsoft server-side scripting technology that can be used to create and run dynamic, interactive Web applications, which are typically coded in JScript, JavaScript or VBScript. An ASP file contains not only the text and HTML tags that standard Web documents contain, but also commands written in a scripting language, which can be carried out on the server or the client. A Microsoft-created programming framework built on top of the common language runtime (CLR) that can be used on a Windows server to create Web applications in a variety of programming languages. aspatial data Data without inherently spatial qualities, such as attributes. aspatial query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. The compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in degrees from north. Aspect can be generated from continuous elevation surfaces. For example, the aspect recorded for a TIN face is the steepest downslope direction of the face, and the aspect of a cell in a raster is the steepest downslope direction of a plane defined by the cell and its eight surrounding neighbors. aspect ratio The ratio of the width of an image to its height. The aspect ratio of a standard computer monitor is 4:3 (rectangular). A package of software and its associated resources. For example, an ArcGIS Win32 assembly will typically include executables, DLLs, object libraries, registry files, and help files for a unit of software. assignment operator A type of operator that assigns the result of an expression to an output, usually a raster, for storage. associated feature class In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a feature class that uses the cadastral fabric as a basemap, and has been associated with cadastral fabric. Associated feature classes can be corrected to maintain alignment with cadastral fabric parcels after least-squares adjustments of the cadastral fabric. association In UML, the relationship between two classes. In an association, instances of the classes in question usually exist together, but can exist on their own. assumed bearing A bearing measured from an arbitrarily chosen reference line called an assumed meridian. An instrument that measures the vertical angle between a celestial body and the horizontal plane at an observers position. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant in the fifteenth century for navigation, but modern versions are still used to determine local time and latitude. asynchronous Not synchronous that is, not occurring together or at the same time. asynchronous request In programming, a set of actions or events that may occur simultaneously. For example a program that launches another program, then continues execution while the other program is still running is said to be asynchronous. Acronym for Active Template Library . A set of C template classes, developed by Microsoft for use in building Windows COM objects. A collection of maps usually related to a particular area or theme and presented together. Examples of atlases include world atlases, historical atlases, and biodiversity atlases. atlas grid A grid of numbered rows and lettered columns (or vice versa) superimposed on a map, used to find and identify features. Alphanumeric grids are commonly used as a reference system on local street maps. atmospheric window Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere with relatively little interference. atomic clock A clock that keeps time by the radiation frequency associated with a particular atomic reaction. Atomic clocks are used in official timekeeping. attenuation The dimming and blurring effects in remotely sensed images caused by the absorption and scattering of light or other radiation that passes through the earths atmosphere. attractiveness A measure of the combined attributes of a center or site that are considered positive features or that draw in potential customers or tenants. Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and sediment load at a gauging station. attribute data Tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of features. attribute domain In a geodatabase, a mechanism for enforcing data integrity. Attribute domains define what values are allowed in a field in a feature class or nonspatial attribute table. If the features or nonspatial objects have been grouped into subtypes, different attribute domains can be assigned to each of the subtypes. attribute key An attribute or set of attributes in a database that uniquely identifies each record. A primary key allows no duplicate values and cannot be null. attribute query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. attribute table A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic features, usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each column represents one feature attribute. In raster datasets, each row of an attribute table corresponds to a certain zone of cells having the same value. In a GIS, attribute tables are often joined or related to spatial data layers, and the attribute values they contain can be used to find, query, and symbolize features or raster cells. attributes dialog box In ArcMap, a dialog box that displays attributes of selected features for editing. attribution The process of assigning attributes to features. authalic projection A projection in which the whole of the map as well as each part has the same proportional area as the corresponding part of the earth. An equal-area projection may distort shape, angle, scale, or any combination thereof. No flat map can be both equal-area and conformal. authentication The process of validating the identity of a user who logs on to a computer system, network, or Web site. Authentication Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to validate access to ArcWeb Services. authorization Completion of the software registration process. During authorization, the single-use or server product andor extensions have been installed and registered, and an authorization file has been generated through the appropriate registration wizard and sent to the software user. authorization file A file that contains single use or server product authorization data. Each authorization file contains information regarding the feature name, version number, time-out date, registration number, and authorization code. autocorrelation The correlation or similarity of values, generally values that are nearby in a dataset. Temporal data is said to exhibit serial autocorrelation when values measured close together in time are more similar than values measured far apart in time. Spatial data is said to exhibit spatial autocorrelation when values measured nearby in space are more similar than values measured farther away from each other. automated cartography The process of making maps using computer systems that carry out many of the tasks associated with map production. automated digitizing The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. automated feature extraction The identification of geographic features and their outlines in remote-sensing imagery through postprocessing technology that enhances feature definition, often by increasing feature-to-background contrast or using pattern recognition software. automated mappingfacilities management GIS or CAD-based systems used by utilities and public works organizations for storing, manipulating, and mapping facility information such as the location of geographically dispersed assets. automated text placement An operation in which text is automatically placed on or next to features on a digital map by a software application according to rules set by the software user. automation The automatic functioning of a machine, system, or process, without the need for human interaction. automation scale The scale at which nondigital data is made digital for example, a map digitized at a scale of 1:24,000 has an automation scale of 1:24,000. The data can be rendered at different display scales. autovectorization The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. availability The degree of ease with which a dataset or other object may be found or obtained. The object-oriented programming language on which ArcView 3.x is based. Avenue provides tools for customizing ArcView 3.x and developing ArcView 3.x applications. average point spacing The average distance separating sample points in a point dataset. A terrain dataset uses the average point spacing of a dataset to define a horizontal tiling system into which to divide input source measurements. Acronym for Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer . A scanner flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites for measuring visible and infrared radiation reflected from vegetation, cloud cover, shorelines, water, snow, and ice. AVHRR data is often used for weather prediction and vegetation mapping. ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. A Java-based toolkit for accessing SOAP Web services. Axis is developed by The Apache Software Foundation. A line along which measurements are made in order to determine the coordinates of a location. The horizontal angle, measured in degrees, between a baseline drawn from a center point and another line drawn from the same point. Normally, the baseline points true north and the angle is measured clockwise from the baseline. azimuthal projection A map projection that transforms points from a spheroid or sphere onto a tangent or secant plane. The azimuthal projection is also known as a planar or zenithal projection. GIS Glossary abbreviation A shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the whole. Abbreviations are commonly a letter or group of letters taken from the complete form of the word, such as the usage of St. in place of Street . Abbreviation Dictionary In Maplex for ArcGIS, a file that contains whole words and their abbreviated forms to allow automated shortening of labels. In a rectangular coordinate system, the distance of the x-coordinate along a horizontal axis from the vertical or y-axis. For example, a point with the coordinates (7,3) has an abscissa of 7. absolute accuracy The degree to which the position of an object on a map conforms to its correct location on the earth according to an accepted coordinate system. absolute coordinates Coordinates that are referenced to the origin of a given coordinate system. absolute mode A way of using a digitizing tablet in which locations on the tablet are mapped to specific locations on the screen. Moving the digitizer puck on the tablet surface causes the screen pointer to move to precisely the same position on the screen. absolutely constrained adjustment In Survey Analyst for field measurements, one of two possibilities for performing a constrained adjustment. In the absolutely constrained adjustment, the coordinates of the reference points keep their original value. Use this method when reference points should remain unchanged in the survey dataset. absorption The amount of electromagnetic energy lost through interactions with gas molecules and matter during its passage through the atmosphere. abstract class In ArcObjects, a specification for subclasses that is often shown on object model diagrams to help give structure to the diagram. An abstract class is not defined in a type library and cannot be instantiated. abstraction A simplified idea of a real-world object or system. access control list A list of accounts or users used to designate restricted and unrestricted services and the authentication criteria required to access an object. access key A keyboard shortcut that allows a user to access the contents of the Main menu by holding down the Alt key and pressing the underlined letter on the menu or menu command item. An access key is created by placing an ampersand (amp) in front of the appropriate letter in the commands caption. accessibility An aggregate measure of the degree of ease with which a place, person, or thing can be reached, depending on factors such as slope, traffic, distance, and so on. Account Info Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to view information about ArcWeb Services accounts such as usage statistics on data services and ArcWeb services. Account Info Web Service is available as a SOAP interface and a Web interface. The degree to which a measured value conforms to true or accepted values. Accuracy is a measure of correctness. It is distinguished from precision, which measures exactness. In ArcWeb Services, circles, lines, polygons, points, or markers that become transparent when not active. Acetate features are overlaid on other map layers and can be independently annotated. acknowledgment fileacknowledgement file In ArcGIS, an XML file that contains an acknowledgement message. acknowledgment messageacknowledgement message In ArcGIS, a message from a replica to its relative acknowledging the data changes received by the sending replica. Acronym for access control list . A list of accounts or users used to designate restricted and unrestricted services and the authentication criteria required to access an object. across-track scanner A remote-sensing tool with an oscillating mirror that moves back and forth across a satellites direction of travel, creating scan line strips that are contiguous or that overlap slightly, thereby producing an image. active data frame The data frame currently being worked on8212for example, the data frame to which layers are being added. The active data frame is highlighted on the map, and its name is shown in bold text in the table of contents. active network In Survey Analyst for field measurements, the focus of the analyses applied. In an active network, users may list a networks datum points in the Survey Explorer, detect and solve breaks in the networks computation sequence, and find and repair cycles in the network. active remote sensing A remote-sensing system, such as radar, that produces electromagnetic radiation and measures its reflection back from a surface. Active Server Pages A Microsoft server-side scripting technology that can be used to create and run dynamic, interactive Web applications, which are typically coded in JScript, JavaScript or VBScript. An ASP file contains not only the text and HTML tags that standard Web documents contain, but also commands written in a scripting language, which can be carried out on the server or the client. Active Template Library A set of C template classes, developed by Microsoft for use in building Windows COM objects. active theme In ArcView 3.x, the theme in a view document to which button and tool actions or corresponding menu commands are applied. An active theme appears raised in a views table of contents. ActiveX Connector A type of ArcIMS Application Server Connector that is a Component Object Model (COM) dynamic link library (DLL) which can be used in a COM application such as Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP). A measure, using a microdensitometer or other instrument, of how well a photographic system shows sharp edges between contiguous bright and dark areas. Add ArcWeb Data An ArcWeb Services tool that allows ArcWeb data to be added to ArcGIS. Add ArcWeb Data is available as part of ArcWeb Toolbar for ArcGIS. An extension to a software program that performs a custom task. ESRI provides various developer add-ins as part of the ArcGIS developer kit. A designation of the location of a persons residence or workplace, an organization, or a building, consisting of numerical and text elements such as a street number, street name, and city arranged in a particular format. address data Data that contains address information used for geocoding. Address data may consist of one individual address or a table containing many addresses. address data format The arrangement of address information in a database, most often consisting of such address elements as house number, street direction, street name, street type, city, and postal code. address data model The rules of a geodatabase designed specifically to accommodate address-related material, such as streets, zones, ranges, and so forth. These rules define the address elements, their attribute values, and the relationships between them. An address data model facilitates address data storage. address element One of the components that comprise an address. House numbers, street names, street types, and street directions are examples of address elements. address event In ArcGIS, features that can be located based on address matching with a street network or other address identifier, such as ZIP Codes or lot numbers. address event table In ArcGIS, a table containing addresses but no spatial reference information. Using GIS software, address event tables can be geocoded to create a spatial data layer. address field A column in a table that stores one or some address elements. An address field can be present in reference data, address data, or both. Address Finder Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to find geographical coordinates of an address and to find an address based on geographical coordinates. address format The particular structure and arrangement of address elements and a corresponding method of matching that can be used for a specific application. The address format may vary based on locale or country. address geocoding A GIS operation for converting street addresses into spatial data that can be displayed as features on a map, usually by referencing address information from a street segment data layer. address locator A dataset in ArcGIS that stores the address attributes, associated indexes, and rules that define the process for translating nonspatial descriptions of places, such as street addresses, into spatial data that can be displayed as features on a map. An address locator contains a snapshot of the reference data used for geocoding, and parameters for standardizing addresses, searching for match locations, and creating output. Address locator files have a. loc file extension. In ArcGIS 8.3 and previous versions, an address locator was called a geocoding service. address locator property A parameter in an address locator that defines the process of geocoding. address locator style A template on which an address locator is built. Each template is designed to accommodate a specific format of address and reference data, and geocoding parameters. The address locator style template file has a. lot file extension. Address Manager Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to batch geocode a custom set of point addresses. Address Manager Web Service is available as a SOAP interface and a Web interface. address matching A process that compares an address or a table of addresses to the address attributes of a reference dataset to determine whether a particular address falls within an address range associated with a feature in the reference dataset. If an address falls within a features address range, it is considered a match and a location can be returned. address range Street numbers running from lowest to highest along a street or street segment. Address ranges are generally stored as fields in the attribute table of a street data layer. They often indicate ranges on the left and right sides of streets. address service A service that can determine the x, y location of an address, and return the address of an x, y location. address standardization The process of breaking down an address into elements and converting those elements with standard abbreviations or spellings. For best practices, this process applies to preparing the reference data and address data for matching. address standardizer A tool that prepares and breaks down an address into elements that can be used for geocoding. The process may translate some elements into standard keywords or abbreviations for example, Avenue may be translated to Ave. address style A set of guidelines that define the format of addresses and methods of matching that can be used for a specific application. adds table The geodatabase system table, created when a feature class or table is registered as versioned, that maintains information on all rows that have been inserted or updated. Acronym for Application Developer Framework . The set of custom Web controls and templates that can be used to build Web applications that communicate with a GIS server. ArcGIS Server includes an ADF for both. NET and Java. ADF runtime The components required to run an application built with the ADF. A type of spatial relationship in which two or more polygons share a side or boundary. adjacency query A statement or logical expression used to select geographic features that share a boundary. adjustment level In Survey Analyst for cadastres, a number that corresponds to a specific set of displacement vectors in a series of adjustments to the cadastral fabric. The adjustment level is generally identified by the date and time of the adjustment. The process of appropriating a technology and putting it into use for ones own purposes the act by an individual, organization, or community of choosing a technology and putting it into effect. Acronym for abstract data type . For OpenLS, a data type and structure for location information that is shared by two or more services. ADTs are application schemas that are encoded in XML for location services (XLS). Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer A scanner flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites for measuring visible and infrared radiation reflected from vegetation, cloud cover, shorelines, water, snow, and ice. AVHRR data is often used for weather prediction and vegetation mapping. aerial photograph A photograph of the earths surface taken from a platform flying above the surface but not in orbit, usually an aircraft. Aerial photography is often used as a cartographic data source for basemapping, locating geographic features, and interpreting environmental conditions. affiliation In MOLE, the type of threat posed by the war fighting element being represented. The four basic types supported by MOLE are unknown, friend, neutral, and hostile. affine transformation A geometric transformation that scales, rotates, skews, andor translates images or coordinates between any two Euclidean spaces. It is commonly used in GIS to transform maps between coordinate systems. In an affine transformation, parallel lines remain parallel, the midpoint of a line segment remains a midpoint, and all points on a straight line remain on a straight line. In modeling, an entity within a model that conducts transactions to simulate the actions of a human, group of humans, animal, or other actor. agent-based model A simulation of the large-scale consequences of the decisions and interactions of individual members of a population. An agent-based model consists of an environment or framework that defines the scope and rules of actions, along with a number of agents representing one or more actors whose parameters and behaviors are defined. When the model is run, the characteristics of each agent are tracked through time and space. aggregation The process of collecting a set of similar, usually adjacent, polygons (with their associated attributes) to form a single, larger entity. Acronym for Adobe Integrated Runtime . A cross-platform runtime environment built on HTML, Flash, and Flex. AIR applications are deployed on a desktop and can communicate with a server for updates or extended functionality. air station In aerial photography, each point in the flight path at which the camera exposes the film. Acronym for Aeronautical Information Exchange Format . An XML format used to describe aeronautical data transactions created and maintained by EUROCONTROL (European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation), in the process of being adopted worldwide. Acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML . A programming technique for creating fast, interactive Internet applications. AJAX adds a small application to part of the software users browser for fast loading and display. A measure of the reflectivity of an object or surface the ratio of the amount of radiation reflected by a body to the amount of energy striking it. A message that calls attention to a notable situation or informs users of changes in the state of a monitored situation. A mathematical procedure used to solve problems with a series of steps. Algorithms are usually encoded as a sequence of computer commands. An alternative name specified for fields, tables, files, or datasets that is more descriptive and user-friendly than the actual name. On computer networks, a single e-mail alias may refer to a group of e-mail addresses. The jagged appearance of curves and diagonal lines in a raster image. Aliasing becomes more apparent as the size of the raster pixels is increased or the resolution of the image is decreased. A peep sight mounted on a straightedge and used to measure direction. align fields A task that identifies the fields required for geocoding, such as address and city, when uploading data. aligned dimension A drafting symbol that runs parallel to the baseline and indicates the true distance between beginning and ending dimension points. allocation In network analysis, the process of assigning entities or edges and junctions to features until the features capacity or limit of impedance is reached. For example, streets may be assigned to the most accessible fire station within a six-minute radius, or students may be assigned to the nearest school until it is full. In GPS, a file transmitted from a satellite to a receiver that contains information about the orbits of all satellites included in the satellite network. Receivers refer to the almanac to determine which satellite to track. along-track scanner A remote-sensing tool with a line of many fixed sensors that record reflected radiation from the terrain along a satellites direction of movement, creating scan-line strips that are contiguous or that overlap slightly, thereby producing an image. alphanumeric grid A grid of numbered rows and lettered columns (or vice versa) superimposed on a map, used to find and identify features. Alphanumeric grids are commonly used as a reference system on local street maps. alternate key An attribute or set of attributes in a relational database that provides a unique identifier for each record and could be used as an alternative to the primary key. alternate name A name for an address element, usually a street name, that is different from the official or most common name. For example, a highway number might be an alternate name for a street name. The height or vertical elevation of a point above a reference surface. Altitude measurements are usually based on a given reference datum, such as mean sea level. Acronym for automated mappingfacilities management . GIS or CAD-based systems used by utilities and public works organizations for storing, manipulating, and mapping facility information such as the location of geographically dispersed assets. In GIS, a state of uncertainty in data classification that exists when an object may appropriately be assigned two or more values for a given attribute. For example, coastal areas experiencing tidal fluctuations may be dry land at some times and under water at other times. Ambiguity may be caused by changeable conditions in reality, by incomplete or conflicting definitions of attributes, or by subjective differences in the evaluation of data. It may also be caused by disputes, as when two parties claim ownership of the same tract of land. American National Standards Institute The private, nonprofit organization that develops U. S. industry standards through consensus and public review. American Standard Code for Information Interchange The de facto standard for the format of text files in computers and on the Internet that assigns a 7-bit binary number to each alphanumeric or special character. ASCII defines 128 possible characters. Acronym for ARC Macro Language . A proprietary, high-level programming language created by ESRI for generating end-user applications in ArcInfo Workstation. An area calculated by finding the outermost customers of a store along several vectors and connecting them. Complex market areas are more accurate than simple market areas because they respond to physical and cultural barriers. They are sometimes called amoebas because of their irregular shapes. A stereo image made by superimposing two images of the same area. The images are displayed in complementary colors, usually red and blue or green. When viewed through filters of corresponding colors, the images appear as one three-dimensional image. Represented continuously rather than in discrete steps having value at any degree of precision. analog image An image represented by continuous variation in tone, such as a photograph. A systematic examination of a problem or complex entity in order to provide new information from what is already known. analysis extent The geographic bounding area within which spatial analysis will occur. The bounding area is set by defining the x, y coordinates of opposite corners, usually the bottom-left and top-right corners of results. analysis mask In digital cartography, a means of covering or hiding features on a map to enhance cartographic representation. For example, masking is often used to cover features behind text to make the text more readable. analysis of variance A statistical procedure used to evaluate the variance of the mean values for two or more datasets in order to assess the probability that the data comes from the same sample or statistical population. ancillary data In digital image processing, data from sources other than remote sensing, used to assist in analysis and classification or to populate metadata. ancillary source A supplementary source of information. angular unit The unit of measurement on a sphere or a spheroid, usually degrees. Some map projection parameters, such as the central meridian and standard parallel, are defined in angular units. In ArcMap, ArcScene, and ArcGlobe, a collection of animation tracks that define the dynamic property changes to associated objects. An animation allows for navigation through the display, visualization of temporal changes, or alteration of layer and scene properties, such as layer transparency or the scene background. Animation Manager In ArcMap, ArcScene, and ArcGlobe, the interface in which the keyframes, tracks and time-scale properties of an animation can be edited and an animation can be timed and previewed. anisotropic Having nonuniform spatial distribution of movement or properties, usually across a surface. anisotropy A property of a spatial process or data in which spatial dependence (autocorrelation) changes with both the distance and the direction between two locations. annotation In cartography, text or graphics on a map that provide information for the map reader. Annotation may identify or describe a specific map entity, provide general information about an area on the map, or supply information about the map itself. annotation class A subset of annotation in a standard or feature-linked geodatabase annotation feature class that contains properties that determine how the subset of annotation will display. A standard or feature-linked geodatabase annotation feature class may contain one or more annotation classes. annotation construction method One of a number of procedures that dictate what type of annotation feature is created and the number of points required to create new annotation features. Construction methods include horizontal, straight, curved, leader line, and follow feature. annotation feature class A geodatabase feature class that stores text or graphics that provide information about features or general areas of a map (annotation). An annotation feature class may be linked to another feature class, so that edits to the features are reflected in the corresponding annotation (feature-linked annotation). Annotation in a geodatabase is edited during an edit session, using the tools on the Annotation toolbar. annotation group A container within a map document for organizing and managing text or graphics that provide additional information about features or general areas of a map. Annotation groups allow control of the display of different sets of annotation. Annotation stored in a map document is edited with the tools on the Drawing toolbar. annotation layer A layer that references annotation. Information stored for annotation includes a text string, a position at which it can be displayed, and display characteristics. annotation target In ArcMap, the annotation group or feature class in a map document where new annotation will be stored when created when using the New Text tools on the Draw toolbar or when copying and pasting annotation. Annotation created with the Annotation Edit tools is stored in the current Editing target, not in the annotation target. A statistical procedure used to evaluate the variance of the mean values for two or more datasets in order to assess the probability that the data comes from the same sample or statistical population. Acronym for American National Standards Institute . The private, nonprofit organization that develops U. S. industry standards through consensus and public review. An open-source, Java-based tool from the Apache Software Foundation that is used to manage the build procedure of applications. Any point on the surface of a sphere that lies 180 degrees (opposite) from a given point on the same surface, so that a line drawn between the two points through the center of the sphere forms a true diameter. any-vertex connectivity In network datasets, a type of edge connectivity policy that states that an edge may connect to another edge or junction where they have coincident vertices. anywhere fix A position that a GPS receiver can calculate without knowing its own location or the local time. The extent used to define a focus area for either a map or database production. In Microsofts COM component programming model, a group of threads, working within a process, that work within the same context. aphylactic projection A projection that does not have equal area, conformal, or equidistant characteristics. The compromise projection is an attempt at balance between these characteristics, and is often used in thematic mapping. Acronym for application programming interface . A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language. In ArcWeb Services, an encryption-based authentication method for the ArcWeb Explorer JavaScript API. An API key is valid only for registered URLs. In an orbit path, the point at which the object in orbit is farthest from the center of the body being orbited. A military symbology specification published by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). APP-6A is based on MIL-STD-2525A, the predecessor to MIL-STD-2525B. Adding features from multiple data sources of the same data type into an existing dataset. A small program that usually executes from within a Web browser. Applets are compatible with most platforms, and can also be used within applications or devices that support applets. application The use of a GIS to solve problems, automate tasks, or generate information within a specific field of interest. For example, a common agricultural application of GIS is determining fertilization requirements based on field maps of soil chemistry and previous crop yields. Application Developer Framework The set of custom Web controls and templates that can be used to build Web applications that communicate with a GIS server. ArcGIS Server includes an ADF for both. NET and Java. application programming interface A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language. application server A computer program that receives user requests through a client application and returns results to the client. application Web service A Web service that solves a particular problem for example, a Web service that finds all of the hospitals within a certain distance of an address. An application Web service can be implemented using the native Web service framework of a Web server for example, an ASP. NET Web service (WebMethod) or Java Web service (Axis). arbitrary symbol A symbol that has no visual similarity to the feature it represents8212for example, a circle used to represent a city, or a triangle used to represent a school. On a map, a shape defined by a connected series of unique x, y coordinate pairs. An arc may be straight or curved. ARC Macro Language A proprietary, high-level programming language created by ESRI for generating end-user applications in ArcInfo Workstation. arc second An angle equal to one sixtieth of a minute of latitude or longitude. ArcGIS Online A set of web-based base maps, globes and other data and services created by ESRI for use inside ArcGIS products and GIS applications on the Internet. ArcGIS Server Web service A Web service processed and executed from within an ArcGIS server. Each Web service has a distinct HTTP location (URL). Web access is enabled by default for all ArcGIS Server services, but can be turned off by an administrator. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst An ArcGIS extension that provides spatial modeling and analysis features. It allows the creation, querying, mapping, and analysis of cell-based raster data and integrated vector-raster analysis. The command, provided with the Java ADF, that starts the Apache Ant tool that builds and deploys Web applications. architecture The internal design of an application or software package the way software or hardware components are organized into a functioning unit. A collection of information or data that is stored on a permanent medium such as CDs, discs, or tapes. Information is archived to ensure its security or persistence. In ArcGIS and ArcSDE, a procedure that allows a geodatabase to capture and store updates to features and records as the version is posted or edits are saved directly. Archiving builds a lineage of historical information that can be viewed and queried. ESRI software that allows for centrally hosting and serving GIS maps, data, and applications for use on the Internet. The administrative framework lets users author configuration files, publish maps, design Web pages, and administer ArcIMS spatial servers. ArcIMS supports Windows, Linux, and UNIX platforms and is customizable on many levels. ArcIMS Administrator The ArcIMS component that allows users to manage ArcIMS services, servers, virtual servers, and folders. ArcIMS application server The ArcIMS component that handles the distribution of incoming requests. It tracks which services are running on which ArcIMS spatial servers and hands off a request to the appropriate ArcIMS spatial server. ArcIMS Application Server Connector A component used to connect the Web server to the ArcIMS application server. Types of connectors include ActiveX Connector, ColdFusion Connector, Java Connector. NET Link, and Servlet Connector. Connectors must be installed on the same computer as the Web server. ArcIMS architecture A multitier framework that includes ArcIMS components: the ArcIMS Managermanager applications, application server, application server connectors, monitor, tasker, spatial servers, and viewers. The complete architecture also includes a Windows or UNIX operating system, a Web server, a servlet engine, and client-side Web browsers. ArcIMS Author The ArcIMS component that allows users to organize data into a configuration file that can be used to create a service. A configuration file specifies the map content: which data layers will be displayed and how they will look (color, symbols, labels, etc.). ArcIMS Designer The ArcIMS component that guides users in designing Web pages based on at least one service and one of the ArcIMS viewers. Users choose from a variety of options including toolbar functions, scale bar properties, and visible layer settings. ArcIMS Manager A suite of Web pages, deprecated in the 9.0 release, that guides users through the process of authoring configuration files, publishing services, designing Web pages, and administering sites. ArcIMS Manager combines the three independent applications (ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Designer, and ArcIMS Administrator) into one wizard-driven framework. ArcIMS Manager resides on the Web server computer and can be accessed remotely. It is also referred to as the Web-based Manager and Remote Manager. ArcIMS manager application Any one of these stand-alone applications: ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Administrator, or ArcIMS Designer. Each of these applications guides users through a process: authoring configuration files (ArcIMS Author), creating services and administering sites (ArcIMS Administrator), or designing Web pages (ArcIMS Designer). ArcIMS Monitor An ArcIMS component that tracks the state of the ArcIMS spatial server. When a computer system reboots, ArcIMS Monitor restarts services automatically by restarting the site configuration. This configuration is based on the setting saved in a serialized file ending in the file extension. sez. ArcIMS service A service that allows the content of a configuration file to be published on the Internet. The configuration file provides data layer content and symbology that the service registers to the ArcIMS spatial server and Web server for processing. ArcIMS Service Administrator A Web-based administration application that allows users to manage ArcIMS services and ArcSDE services remotely. ArcIMS Tasker An ArcIMS component that removes temporary image files generated by the image and ArcMap image services at a user-defined time interval. ArcIMS viewer Any one of the three Web site designs that come as standard options in ArcIMS Designer: the HTML, Java Custom, and Java Standard. They provide the functionality and graphic look for Web sites. The Java viewers require a one-time Web download and are only compatible with Web browsers that support Java 2 plug-in functionality. ArcIMS virtual server A grouping of one or more spatial servers into a single unit for administrative purposes. All of the following are ArcIMS virtual servers: the ArcMap server, extract server, feature server, geocode server, image server, metadata server, query server, and route server. The ArcMap server and route server are optional extensions to ArcIMS. ArcIMS Web site directory The directory that stores the files that make up the ArcIMS Internet GIS application and other files. It is the directory specified as the Working Directory during the installation process. The default location for Windows is C:ArcIMS. The default location for UNIX is home. ArcIMSFolders. sez A serialization file containing ArcIMS folders and any submitted MapNotes and EditNotes. It is stored in the ArcIMS AppServer directory. This file replaces the EsriMapCookies. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcIMSSite. sez A serialization file created in the ArcIMS AppServer directory that saves site parameters, including which services are running and which servers are started. This file replaces the EsriMapCatalog. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcInfo interchange file A file format, also known as an export file, used to enable a coverage, grid or TIN and an associated INFO table to be transferred between different machines which are not connected by any type of file sharing network. ArcInfo interchange files have a. E00 extension, which increments to. E01. E02, and so on, if the interchange file is composed of several separate files. ArcInfo workspace A file-based collection of coverages, grids, TINs, or shapefiles stored as a directory of folders in the file system. ArcMap Server A public ArcIMS virtual server that allows an ArcGIS user to create maps in ArcMap, rather than ArcIMS Author or ArcIMS Manager, and publish them on the Internet. The ArcMap server is an optional extension to ArcIMS. arc-node topology The data structure in a coverage used to represent linear features and polygon boundaries and to support analysis functions, such as network tracing. Nodes represent the beginning and ending vertices of each arc. Arcs that share a node are connected, and polygons are defined by a series of connected arcs. An arc that intersects another arc is split into two arcs. Each arc that defines all or part of a polygon boundary records the number of the polygon to its left and to its right, giving it a direction of travel. ArcObjects A library of software components that make up the foundation of ArcGIS. ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Engine, and ArcGIS Server are all built using the ArcObjects libraries. Technology for managing geographic information in a relational database management system (RDBMS). ArcSDE is part of the ArcGIS platform, and is the data server between ArcGIS and relational databases. It is widely used to enable geographic information to be shared by many users across a network and to scale in size from personal, to workgroup, to enterprise use. ArcSDE administrative user The user who administers ArcSDE geodatabases. The ArcSDE administrative user can be the SDE user, but for DBO-schema ArcSDE geodatabases in SQL Server it is any user whose login is mapped to DBO in the database, and for user-schema geodatabases in Oracle, the ArcSDE administrative user is the user in whose schema the geodatabase is stored. ArcSDE client application An application or program that communicates with ArcSDE to query, store and manage spatial data. Examples include ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, and ArcIMS. ArcSDE database server In ArcCatalog, an instance of SQL Server Express used to store ArcSDE geodatabases. ArcSDE geodatabase A geodatabase stored in an RDBMS served to client applications using ArcSDE technology. An ArcSDE geodatabase can support long transactions and versioned workflows, be used as a workspace for geoprocessing tasks, and provide the benefits of a relational database such as security, scalability, backup and recovery, and SQL access. ArcSDE Personal Edition geodatabase A single-user ArcSDE geodatabase that is created on Microsoft SQL Server Express. ArcSDE system tables A collection of tables that store metadata about user tables in a geodatabase managed using ArcSDE technology. ArcSDE system tables are owned by an ArcSDE administrative user. ArcSDE Workgroup Edition geodatabase A Microsoft SQL Server Express database that uses ArcSDE technology to store, query, and modify spatial data. Workgroup geodatabases accept up to 10 non-Web client connections and unlimited Web client connections to the SQL Server Express instance and are licensed through ArcGIS Server Workgroup edition. ArcToolbox A user interface in ArcGIS used for accessing, organizing, and managing a collection of geoprocessing tools, models, and scripts. ArcToolbox Window A dockable window used to display, manage, and use the contents of toolboxes in ArcGIS. It provides a shortcut to frequently used tools contained within toolboxes that may be stored in folders or geodatabases on disk. ArcView project In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcView project file In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcWeb Explorer The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ltSPANgt ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. ArcWeb Mobile Toolkit A J2ME-based toolkit for building mobile applications that use ArcWeb Services. ArcWeb Services ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. ArcWeb Services account A Web site for accessing information about an ArcWeb account. This site allows users to activate an ArcWeb Services account, view usage of ArcWeb services, manage POI and address records, and manage groups and alerts. ArcWeb site An ESRI Web site for building custom services, using applications, and learning about ArcWeb Services. Acronym for Arc Extensible Markup Language . A file format that provides a structured method for communication between all ArcIMS components. ArcXML defines content for services and is used for requests and responses between clients, the business logic tier, and servers. A metric areal unit of measure equal to 100 square meters. One are is equal to 1,076.39 square feet, or 0.025 acres. A closed, two-dimensional shape defined by its boundary or by a contiguous set of raster cells. area chart A chart that emphasizes the difference between two or more groups of data for example, the changes in a population from one year to the next. The area of interest is usually shaded in a solid color. area of adjustment In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a continuous set of parcels that have been selected for adjustment by least-squares. area of interest The extent used to define a focus area for either a map or database production. areal scale The ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. A map scale of 1100,000 or 1:100,000 means that one unit of measure on the map equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earth. In computing, a value or expression passed to a function, command, or program. arithmetic expression A number, variable, function, or combination of these, with operators or parentheses, or both, that can be evaluated to produce a single number. arithmetic function A type of mathematical function that performs a calculation on the values of cells in an input raster. There are six arithmetic functions in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst: Abs, Int, Float, Round up (Ceil), Round down (Floor) and Negate. arithmetic operator The symbolic representation of a process or operation performed against one or more operands in an expression, such as (plus, or addition) and gt (greater than). When evaluated, operators return a value as their result. If multiple operators appear in an expression, they are evaluated in order of their operator precedence. In computing, a fundamental data structure consisting of a variable with multiple, sequentially indexed, cells that can each store a value of the same type. Each cell of the array acts as a variable, and the cells are referenced by an index value for each array dimension. One-dimensional arrays, called vectors, and two-dimensional arrays, called matrices, are most common, but arrays may have more dimensions. artificial neural network A computer architecture modeled after the human brain and designed to solve problems that human brains solve well, such as recognizing patterns and making predictions from past performance. Neural networks are composed of interconnected computer processors that calculate a number of weighted inputs to generate an output. For example, an output might be the approval or rejection of a credit application. This output would be based on several inputs, including the applicants income, current debt, and credit history. Some of these inputs would count more than others cumulatively, they would be compared to a threshold value that separates approvals from rejections. Neural networks learn to generate better outputs by adjusting the weights and thresholds applied to their inputs. ascending node The point at which a satellite traveling south to north crosses the equator. Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange . The de facto standard for the format of text files in computers and on the Internet that assigns a 7-bit binary number to each alphanumeric or special character. ASCII defines 128 possible characters. Acronym for Active Server Pages . A Microsoft server-side scripting technology that can be used to create and run dynamic, interactive Web applications, which are typically coded in JScript, JavaScript or VBScript. An ASP file contains not only the text and HTML tags that standard Web documents contain, but also commands written in a scripting language, which can be carried out on the server or the client. A Microsoft-created programming framework built on top of the common language runtime (CLR) that can be used on a Windows server to create Web applications in a variety of programming languages. aspatial data Data without inherently spatial qualities, such as attributes. aspatial query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. The compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in degrees from north. Aspect can be generated from continuous elevation surfaces. For example, the aspect recorded for a TIN face is the steepest downslope direction of the face, and the aspect of a cell in a raster is the steepest downslope direction of a plane defined by the cell and its eight surrounding neighbors. aspect ratio The ratio of the width of an image to its height. The aspect ratio of a standard computer monitor is 4:3 (rectangular). A package of software and its associated resources. For example, an ArcGIS Win32 assembly will typically include executables, DLLs, object libraries, registry files, and help files for a unit of software. assignment operator A type of operator that assigns the result of an expression to an output, usually a raster, for storage. associated feature class In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a feature class that uses the cadastral fabric as a basemap, and has been associated with cadastral fabric. Associated feature classes can be corrected to maintain alignment with cadastral fabric parcels after least-squares adjustments of the cadastral fabric. association In UML, the relationship between two classes. In an association, instances of the classes in question usually exist together, but can exist on their own. assumed bearing A bearing measured from an arbitrarily chosen reference line called an assumed meridian. An instrument that measures the vertical angle between a celestial body and the horizontal plane at an observers position. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant in the fifteenth century for navigation, but modern versions are still used to determine local time and latitude. asynchronous Not synchronous that is, not occurring together or at the same time. asynchronous request In programming, a set of actions or events that may occur simultaneously. For example a program that launches another program, then continues execution while the other program is still running is said to be asynchronous. Acronym for Active Template Library . A set of C template classes, developed by Microsoft for use in building Windows COM objects. A collection of maps usually related to a particular area or theme and presented together. Examples of atlases include world atlases, historical atlases, and biodiversity atlases. atlas grid A grid of numbered rows and lettered columns (or vice versa) superimposed on a map, used to find and identify features. Alphanumeric grids are commonly used as a reference system on local street maps. atmospheric window Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere with relatively little interference. atomic clock A clock that keeps time by the radiation frequency associated with a particular atomic reaction. Atomic clocks are used in official timekeeping. attenuation The dimming and blurring effects in remotely sensed images caused by the absorption and scattering of light or other radiation that passes through the earths atmosphere. attractiveness A measure of the combined attributes of a center or site that are considered positive features or that draw in potential customers or tenants. Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and sediment load at a gauging station. attribute data Tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of features. attribute domain In a geodatabase, a mechanism for enforcing data integrity. Attribute domains define what values are allowed in a field in a feature class or nonspatial attribute table. If the features or nonspatial objects have been grouped into subtypes, different attribute domains can be assigned to each of the subtypes. attribute key An attribute or set of attributes in a database that uniquely identifies each record. A primary key allows no duplicate values and cannot be null. attribute query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. attribute table A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic features, usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each column represents one feature attribute. In raster datasets, each row of an attribute table corresponds to a certain zone of cells having the same value. In a GIS, attribute tables are often joined or related to spatial data layers, and the attribute values they contain can be used to find, query, and symbolize features or raster cells. attributes dialog box In ArcMap, a dialog box that displays attributes of selected features for editing. attribution The process of assigning attributes to features. authalic projection A projection in which the whole of the map as well as each part has the same proportional area as the corresponding part of the earth. An equal-area projection may distort shape, angle, scale, or any combination thereof. No flat map can be both equal-area and conformal. authentication The process of validating the identity of a user who logs on to a computer system, network, or Web site. Authentication Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to validate access to ArcWeb Services. authorization Completion of the software registration process. During authorization, the single-use or server product andor extensions have been installed and registered, and an authorization file has been generated through the appropriate registration wizard and sent to the software user. authorization file A file that contains single use or server product authorization data. Each authorization file contains information regarding the feature name, version number, time-out date, registration number, and authorization code. autocorrelation The correlation or similarity of values, generally values that are nearby in a dataset. Temporal data is said to exhibit serial autocorrelation when values measured close together in time are more similar than values measured far apart in time. Spatial data is said to exhibit spatial autocorrelation when values measured nearby in space are more similar than values measured farther away from each other. automated cartography The process of making maps using computer systems that carry out many of the tasks associated with map production. automated digitizing The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. automated feature extraction The identification of geographic features and their outlines in remote-sensing imagery through postprocessing technology that enhances feature definition, often by increasing feature-to-background contrast or using pattern recognition software. automated mappingfacilities management GIS or CAD-based systems used by utilities and public works organizations for storing, manipulating, and mapping facility information such as the location of geographically dispersed assets. automated text placement An operation in which text is automatically placed on or next to features on a digital map by a software application according to rules set by the software user. automation The automatic functioning of a machine, system, or process, without the need for human interaction. automation scale The scale at which nondigital data is made digital for example, a map digitized at a scale of 1:24,000 has an automation scale of 1:24,000. The data can be rendered at different display scales. autovectorization The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. availability The degree of ease with which a dataset or other object may be found or obtained. The object-oriented programming language on which ArcView 3.x is based. Avenue provides tools for customizing ArcView 3.x and developing ArcView 3.x applications. average point spacing The average distance separating sample points in a point dataset. A terrain dataset uses the average point spacing of a dataset to define a horizontal tiling system into which to divide input source measurements. Acronym for Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer . A scanner flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites for measuring visible and infrared radiation reflected from vegetation, cloud cover, shorelines, water, snow, and ice. AVHRR data is often used for weather prediction and vegetation mapping. ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. A Java-based toolkit for accessing SOAP Web services. Axis is developed by The Apache Software Foundation. A line along which measurements are made in order to determine the coordinates of a location. The horizontal angle, measured in degrees, between a baseline drawn from a center point and another line drawn from the same point. Normally, the baseline points true north and the angle is measured clockwise from the baseline. azimuthal projection A map projection that transforms points from a spheroid or sphere onto a tangent or secant plane. The azimuthal projection is also known as a planar or zenithal projection.